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Riot control agent

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French gendarmes mobiles using tear gas

These gendarmes mobiles are ready for riot control; they carry gas masks and one has a grenade launcher for sending tear gas canisters

This gendarme mobile is shooting tear gas canisters using a Alsetex "Cougar" launcher

Riot control agents are less-lethal lachrymatory agents used for riot control. Most commonly used riot control agents are pepper spray and various kinds of tear gas.

These chemicals disperse a crowd that could be protesting, in a riot, or to clear a building. They can rapidly produce sensory irritation or disabling physical effects which usually disappear within 15 minutes (for tear gas) and up to 2 hours (for pepper spray) following termination of exposure. They can also be used for chemical warfare defense training, although their use in warfare itself is a violation of Article I.5 of the Chemical Weapons Convention. Article II.9 of the CWC specifically authorizes their use for civilian law enforcement ^[1].

Contents

[hide]

• 1 Substances
  • 1.1 Pepper spray
  • 1.2 Tear gas
• 2 Decontamination
• 3 Dispensing large quantities
• 4 See also
• 5 External links
• 6 References

[edit] Substances

Two lachrymatory agents most commonly used for riot control are pepper spray and various kinds of tear gas.

[edit] Pepper spray

Main article: Pepper spray

The active ingredient in pepper spray is capsaicin, which is a chemical derived from the fruit of plants in the Capsicum genus, including chiles. A synthetic analogue of capsaicin, pelargonic acid vanillylamide (desmethyldihydrocapsaicin), is used in another version of pepper spray known as PAVA spray which is used in England. Another synthetic counterpart of pepper spray, pelargonic acid morpholide, was developed and is widely used in Russia. Its effectiveness compared to natural pepper spray is unclear and it has caused some injuries.

Pepper spray typically comes in canisters, which are often small enough to be carried or concealed in a pocket or purse. Pepper spray can also be bought concealed in items such as rings. There are also pepper spray projectiles available, which can be fired from a paintball gun. Having been used for years against demonstrators ^[2], it is increasingly being used by police in routine interventions.^[3]

[edit] Tear gas

Main article: Lachrymatory agent

Tear gas is a non-specific term for any chemical that is used to cause temporary incapacitation through irritation of eyes and/or respiratory system. It is used as a hand-held spray or can be fired in canisters that heat up spewing out a 'gas' cloud at a steady rate. Technically, these clouds are aerosols, and not true gases.^[4] [1]^[5]

Popular tear gases include the eye irritants ortho-chlorobenzylidene-malononitrile (CS gas), chloroacetophenone (CN gas), and dibenz (b,f)-1,4-oxazepine (CR gas). Among a long list of substances, these three have become of greater importance than the others because of their effectiveness and low risks when used. Today, CS has largely replaced CN as the most widely used tear gas internationally.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] Decontamination

At room temperature, these tear gases are white solid substances. They are stable when heated and have low vapor pressure. Consequently, they are generally dispersed as aerosols. All of them have low solubility in water but can be dissolved in several organic solvents. Hydrolysis of CN is very slow in water solution, also when alkali is added. CS is rapidly hydrolyzed in water solution (half-life at pH 7 is about 15 min. at room temperature) and extremely rapid when alkali is added (half-life at pH 9 is about 1 min.). CR is hydrolyzed only to a negligible extent in water solution.

CN and CR are, thus, difficult to decompose under practical conditions, whereas CS can easily be inactivated by means of a water solution. Skin is suitably decontaminated by thorough washing with soap and water. CS is then decomposed whereas CN and CR are only removed.

Decontamination of material after contamination with CS can be done with a 5-10 % soda solution or 2 % alkaline solution. If this type of decontamination cannot be accomplished (e.g., contaminated rooms and furniture), then the only other means is by intensive air exchange—preferably with hot air.

Exposed streets and sidewalks will have toxic^{[citation needed]} and irritating CS powder that will be stirred into the air by traffic and pedestrians long after the cloud has dissipated, and should be washed away with water.

In contrast to human beings, domesticated animals generally have low sensitivity to tear gases. Dogs and horses can therefore be used by police for riot control even when tear gas is used.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] Dispensing large quantities

Backpack dispensers for riot control agents, when the intent is to use a larger quantity than possible with grenades, are one type of device used by organizations that might, for example, need to cover a prison yard ^[6] Dispensers are also made for attachment to helicopters; see CBU-19 ^[7].

[edit] See also

• Pepper spray
• CS gas
• CN gas
• Use of poison gas in World War I
• Review about Pharmacology, Toxicology, Biochemistry and Chemistry of several riot control agents:

Olajos EJ, Salem H (2001). "Riot Control Agents: Pharmacology, Toxicology, Biochemistry and Chemistry". J Appl Toxicol 21 (5): 355–91. doi:10.1002/jat.767. PMID 11746179. 

[edit] External links

• Riot Agents

[edit] References

1. ^ 9. "Purposes Not Prohibited Under this Convention" means^{[dead link]}]
2. ^ Use on infants
3. ^ Use on infants
4. ^ "BBC - h2g2 - CS Gas". Bbc.co.uk. http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A655517. Retrieved on 2008-12-26. 
5. ^ http://www.google.co.uk/search?sourceid=navclient&aq=t&ie=UTF-8&rlz=1T4GGLJ_enGB226GB226&q=cs+gas+effects
6. ^ Commercial Backpack Blower / Sprayer System,US Army CBDCOM,June 1998.
7. ^ Operation TAILWIND Review Extract of U.S Air Force Report,Air Force Historical Office, July 1998

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riot_control_agent"

Categories: Riot control agents | Riots | Police weapons | Riot control weapons

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Tekið af http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riot_control_agent

Annars skil ég ekki hvers vegna lögreglan notar ekki táragasið meira í spari. Og noti frekar meira mæli vatn í háþrýstingi.

Spyrja um efni í lögreglugasi

Athugasemdir

[Haukur (IP-tala skráð) 6.1.2009 kl. 18:22]

Afhverju eru thessir motmaelendur ekki bara med sundgleraugu.. til ad varna gasinu ingongu i augntoturnar. tha getur lodrellann bara sprayad ad vild.

[Tommi (IP-tala skráð) 6.1.2009 kl. 18:28]

En þarna ertu bara með aðra týpuna... Svo er líka til OC útgáfan sem er unnið úr pipar og flokkast sem náttúrlegt taugaeitur(sama virka efni og þú finnur í chilli og öðrum sterkum mat).

[Pálmi Freyr Óskarsson, 6.1.2009 kl. 19:15]

Ég held að það sé ekki vitlaus hugmynd hjá þér Haukur.

Tommi: Ég fór bara á wikipedia á íslensku, sem ég setti á síðuna. Enn þar sem þú bentir á að einhvað vantar í þetta hjá mér og íslenska wikipediu. Þá fór ég á ensku wikipediu, og fann þar mun meira um "taragasið", og setti það inn á færsuna.